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Ukraine,Ukrainian, Ukrayina,
is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the east,
Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west,
Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev (Kyiv) is Ukraine's capital.
From at least the 9th century, the territory of present-day Ukraine
was a center of the medieval East Slavic civilization forming the
state of Kievan Rus', which disintegrated in the 12th century. From
the 14th century on, the territory of Ukraine was divided among a
number of regional powers and by the 19th century the largest part
of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest
under the Austro-Hungarian control. After a chaotic period of
incessant warfare and several attempts at independence (1917–1921)
following the Russian Revolution and the Great War, Ukraine emerged
in 1922 as one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's territory was enlarged
westward shortly before and after the Second World War, and again in
1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one
of the co-founding members of the United Nations. Ukraine became
independent again after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
This began a transition period to a market economy, in which Ukraine
was stricken with eight straight years of economic decline. But
since about the turn of the century, the economy has been
experiencing a stable increase, with real GDP growth averaging about
seven percent annually.
Ukraine is a unitary state composed of 24 oblasts (provinces), one
autonomous republic (Crimea), and two cities with special status:
Kiev, its capital, and Sevastopol, which houses the Russian Black
Sea Fleet under a leasing agreement. Ukraine is a republic under a
semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and
judicial branches. At the end of 2004, the country underwent an
extensive constitutional reform that has changed the balance of
power among the parliament, the prime minister, and the cabinet, as
well as their relationship with the president.
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